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          <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline">Python-ORM框架</h1>
        

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        <h1 id="Python"><a href="#Python" class="headerlink" title="Python"></a>Python</h1><ul>
<li><h2 id="说明"><a href="#说明" class="headerlink" title="说明"></a>说明</h2></li>
<li><p>python作为一种解释性语言，有着其独特的优势。有时候我们会用python写一些简单的http接口或者脚本来提供一些服务，以下介绍下 python操作mysql的一款ORM框架SQLAlchemy 的使用。</p>
</li>
<li><p>首先 我们先建立个配置类，用来做一些配置性的东西，类似于java的properties文件，只不过这里把他作为一个类来管理起来</p>
<a id="more"></a></li>
<li><h2 id="代码样例"><a href="#代码样例" class="headerlink" title="代码样例"></a>代码样例</h2><ul>
<li>###mysql的配置类<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">BaseConfig</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#以下是我个人常用的配置类，仅做参考</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#Mysql 配置</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI=<span class="string">"mysql+pymysql://user:passwd@**.**.***.**:3306/dataBaseName"</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = <span class="literal">False</span> <span class="comment">#如果设置成 True (默认情况)，Flask-SQLAlchemy 将会追踪对象的修改并且发送信号。这需要额外的内存， 如果不必要的可以禁用它</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#以下配置不常用</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = <span class="number">5</span> <span class="comment">#数据库连接池的大小。默认是数据库引擎的默认值 （通常是 5）。</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = <span class="number">10</span> <span class="comment">#指定数据库连接池的超时时间。默认是 10</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_MAX_OVERFLOW = <span class="number">2</span> <span class="comment">#控制在连接池达到最大值后可以创建的连接数。当这些额外的 连接回收到连接池后将会被断开和抛弃</span></span><br><span class="line">  SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = <span class="number">2</span> <span class="comment">#动回收连接的秒数。这对 MySQL 是必须的，默认 情况下 MySQL 会自动移除闲置 8 小时或者以上的连接。 需要注意地是如果使用 MySQL 的话，Flask-SQLAlchemy 会自动地设置这个值为2小时</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#Mongo配置</span></span><br><span class="line">  MONGODB_PORT = <span class="number">27017</span></span><br><span class="line">  MONGODB_HOST = <span class="string">"**.**.**"</span></span><br><span class="line">  MONGODB_DB = <span class="string">"dbName"</span></span><br><span class="line">  MONGODB_USERNAME = <span class="string">"dbuser"</span></span><br><span class="line">  MONGODB_PASSWORD = <span class="string">"dbpasswd"</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#MQ配置 rabbitmq</span></span><br><span class="line">  MQ_USER_NAME = <span class="string">'name'</span></span><br><span class="line">  MQ_USER_PAWD = <span class="string">'pwd'</span></span><br><span class="line">  MQ_URL = <span class="string">'host'</span></span><br><span class="line">  MQ_HOST = <span class="number">5672</span></span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#初始化app</span></span><br><span class="line">  app = Flask(<span class="string">'dbclient'</span>) 因为我们做的是web服务所以这里用到了python的web框架         FLask 有兴趣的可以了解下</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="comment">#初始化mysqldb</span></span><br><span class="line">  app.config.from_object(BaseConfig)  这里用我们的配置类去初始化mysql连接</span><br><span class="line">  db = SQLAlchemy(app)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>###建立两个数据库映射的实体类</p>
<ul>
<li>####用户表<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">from config.Config import db  #这里我们引用配置类中初始化好的db</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">  #建立数据库和实体类的映射</span><br><span class="line">  class User(db.Model):</span><br><span class="line">      #表名</span><br><span class="line">      __tablename__ &#x3D; &#39;user_info&#39; </span><br><span class="line">      #字段属性</span><br><span class="line">      id &#x3D; db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key&#x3D;True)</span><br><span class="line">      user_name &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">      user_pswd &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">      user_token &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">      usercname &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">      #__init__方法为python类的构造方法</span><br><span class="line">      def __init__(self,user_name, user_pswd, user_token,usercname):  # 这里实现以下构造，将其作为插入新值的方法</span><br><span class="line">          print(&quot;User 构成函数被调用&quot;)</span><br><span class="line">          # self.id &#x3D; id</span><br><span class="line">          self.user_name &#x3D; user_name</span><br><span class="line">          self.user_pswd &#x3D; user_pswd</span><br><span class="line">          self.user_token &#x3D; user_token</span><br><span class="line">          self.usercname &#x3D; usercname</span><br><span class="line">   </span><br><span class="line">      #这个方法作为对象的打印方法，类似于java类中 自己重写的 toString()方法，实现这个方法后，print(类) 将会执行这个方法进行打印</span><br><span class="line">      def __repr__(self):</span><br><span class="line">          # 输出对象</span><br><span class="line">          return &#39;&lt;User %i %r %r %r %r&gt;&#39; % (self.id,self.user_name,self.user_token,self.user_pswd,self.usercname)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>####token表<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">  from config.Config import db</span><br><span class="line">class Token(db.Model):</span><br><span class="line">    __tablename__ &#x3D; &#39;token_info&#39;</span><br><span class="line">    id &#x3D; db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key&#x3D;True)</span><br><span class="line">    token_id &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">    user_cname &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line">    user_id &#x3D; db.Column(db.String(100))</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(self, token_id, user_cname,user_id):  # 插入新值的方法</span><br><span class="line">        print(&quot;Token构成函数被调用&quot;)</span><br><span class="line">        # self.id &#x3D; id</span><br><span class="line">        self.token_id &#x3D; token_id</span><br><span class="line">        self.user_cname &#x3D; user_cname</span><br><span class="line">        self.user_id &#x3D; user_id</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">    def __repr__(self):</span><br><span class="line">        # 输出对象</span><br><span class="line">        return &#39;&lt;Token %i %r %r %r&gt;&#39; % (self.id,self.token_id,self.user_cname,self.user_id)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>##建立数据库操作类，主要用于封装数据库操作的方法。</p>
<ul>
<li>###代码如下：<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">  class UserInfo():</span><br><span class="line">    # 全表查询</span><br><span class="line">    def findAll(self):</span><br><span class="line">        return User.query.all()</span><br><span class="line">    #根据ID主键查询</span><br><span class="line">    def getUserInfoById(self,id):</span><br><span class="line">        return User.query.get(id)</span><br><span class="line">    #自定义查询条件</span><br><span class="line">    def getUserInfoByUserName(self,userName):</span><br><span class="line">        return  User.query.filter_by(usercname &#x3D; userName).all()</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">class TokenInfo():</span><br><span class="line">    def findAll(self):</span><br><span class="line">        return Token.query.all()</span><br><span class="line">    def getTokenInfoById(self,id):</span><br><span class="line">        return Token.query.get(id)</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">#复杂查询以及多表关联查询DEMO展示</span><br><span class="line">class UtilsQuery():</span><br><span class="line">    @timelog    #这里的timelog是我自己的写的装饰器，目前实现的功能类似于java的aop切面，对方法进行环绕增强，在方法执行前后计算方法的执行时间用</span><br><span class="line">    def find(self):</span><br><span class="line">        #这里通过关联User和Token两张表进行关联查询</span><br><span class="line">        return User.query.filter(User.id &#x3D;&#x3D; Token.user_id).filter(Token.user_cname &#x3D;&#x3D; &#39;XXXX&#39;).all()</span><br><span class="line">        # return db.session.query(User).filter(User.id &#x3D;&#x3D; Token.user_id).filter(Token.user_cname&#x3D;&#x3D;&#39;XXXX&#39;).all()</span><br><span class="line">    @timelog</span><br><span class="line">    def findByPage(self,pageNum,size):</span><br><span class="line">        #这里展示分页查询</span><br><span class="line">        if pageNum &lt; 1:</span><br><span class="line">            pageNum &#x3D; 1</span><br><span class="line">        if size &lt; 1:</span><br><span class="line">            size &#x3D; 2</span><br><span class="line">        start &#x3D; (pageNum - 1)*size</span><br><span class="line">        end &#x3D; pageNum*size</span><br><span class="line">        return User.query.slice(start,end).all()</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>##建立controller层，提供web调用</p>
<ul>
<li>###DEMO代码如下：<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">@app.route(&#39;&#x2F;controllertest&#39;,methods&#x3D;[&#39;GET&#39;,&#39;POST&#39;])</span><br><span class="line">def hello_world():</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#39;接受到请求&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">    returnData &#x3D; &#123;&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    returnData[&#39;data&#39;] &#x3D; &quot;success&quot;</span><br><span class="line"> </span><br><span class="line">    userInfoDto &#x3D; UserInfo()</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#39;\nid查询&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">    print(userInfoDto.getUserInfoById(1))</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#39;\n条件查询&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">    print(userInfoDto.getUserInfoByUserName(&quot;XXXX&quot;))</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#39;\n全表查询&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">    print(TokenInfo().findAll())</span><br><span class="line">    print(&#39;\n分页查询&#39;)</span><br><span class="line">    print(UtilsQuery().findByPage(1,2))</span><br><span class="line">    return json.dumps(returnData, ensure_ascii&#x3D;False)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
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